Functions

Excel Functions are a great way to complete tasks quickly and efficiently. The list of functions includes lookup, logic, date and time, text, information, and math, each with its own example. These functions are preset within Excel, meaning they are hard-coded formulas that have been given simple, user-friendly names for easy use.

Excel offers a vast library of over 350 built-in functions, we have each with an example and video to help you understand how to use them. To quickly find the category you need, use the list provided or search for specific tutorials using the search box.

Logical

The functions below take a formula and use logical tests and logical operators to determine if it is true or false.

Function	How it works
AND	Returns TRUE if all arguments are TRUE.
FALSE	Returns the logical value of FALSE.
IF	Returns one value if true and another value if false.
IFERROR	Returns a value if no errors, otherwise returns another value.
IFNA	Returns a value if it is not #N/A, otherwise returns another value.
IFS	Returns value if corresponding condition is TRUE.
NOT	Reverses the logical value of an argument.
OR	Returns TRUE if any argument is TRUE.
SWITCH	Evaluates an expression against a list of values and returns corresponding result.
TRUE	Returns the logical value of TRUE.
XOR	Returns TRUE if only one argument is TRUE.

Date and Time

Date and Time functions allow you to make calculations based on specific dates and times. This can help create reports, track progress, and manage deadlines.

Function	How it works
DATE	Creates a date from year, month, and day.
DATEDIF	Calculates difference between two dates.
DATEVALUE	Converts text to a date.
DAY	Returns the day of the month.
DAYS	Calculates number of days between two dates.
DAYS360	Calculates number of days between two dates using a 360-day year.
EDATE	Returns a date a number of months before or after a given date.
EOMONTH	Returns the last day of the month before or after a given date.
HOUR	Returns the hour of a time.
ISOWEEKNUM	Returns the ISO week number.
MINUTE	Returns the minute of a time.
MONTH	Returns the month of a date.
NETWORKDAYS	Calculates number of workdays between two dates.
NETWORKDAYS.INTL	Calculates number of workdays between two dates with custom weekend.
NOW	Returns the current date and time.
SECOND	Returns the second of a time.
TIME	Creates a time from hour, minute, and second.
TIMEVALUE	Converts text to a time.
TODAY	Returns the current date.
WEEKDAY	Returns the day of the week.
WEEKNUM	Returns the week number of the year.
WORKDAY	Calculates the nth working day after a date.
WORKDAY.INTL	Calculates the nth working day after a date with custom weekend.
YEAR	Returns the year of a date.
YEARFRAC	Calculates the fraction of the year between two dates.

Lookup and Reference

It is important to be aware of the existing lookup functions in Excel, even though XLOOKUP is a game-changer. Here is a list of the lookup functions available in Excel.

Function	How it works
ADDRESS	Returns the cell reference as text.
AREAS	Returns the number of ranges in a reference.
CHOOSE	Returns a value from a list of values.
COLUMN	Returns the column number of a reference.
COLUMNS	Returns the number of columns in a reference.
FIELDVALUE	Returns a value from a PivotTable.
FORMULATEXT	Returns the formula as text.
GETPIVOTDATA	Returns data stored in a PivotTable.
HLOOKUP	Searches a row for a value and returns a corresponding value.
HYPERLINK	Creates a hyperlink.
INDEX	Returns a value or reference of a cell.
INDIRECT	Returns a reference specified by a text string.
LOOKUP	Searches for a value and returns a corresponding value.
MATCH	Searches for a value and returns its position.
OFFSET	Returns a reference offset from a given reference.
ROW	Returns the row number of a reference.
ROWS	Returns the number of rows in a reference.
TRANSPOSE	Transposes rows and columns in a range.
VLOOKUP	Searches a column for a value and returns a corresponding value.

Text

Excel’s text functions allow you to perform calculations on strings of text, enabling you to manipulate and analyze your data in a variety of ways.

Function	How it works
CHAR	Returns a character based on a numeric code.
CLEAN	Removes non-printable characters from text.
CODE	Returns the numeric code for a character.
CONCAT	Joins two or more text strings without delimiter.
CONCATENATE	Joins two or more text strings.
DOLLAR	Converts a number to currency format.
EXACT	Tests whether two values are identical.
FIND	Finds the position of a text string within another text string.
FIXED	Formats a number with a fixed number of decimal places.
LEFT	Returns a specified number of characters from the start of a text string.
LEN	Returns the number of characters in a text string.
LOWER	Converts text to lowercase.
MID	Returns a specified number of characters from within a text string.
NUMBERVALUE	Converts text to a number.
PROPER	Capitalizes the first letter of each word in a text string.
REPLACE	Replaces part of a text string with another text string.
REPT	Repeats text a given number of times.
RIGHT	Returns a specified number of characters from the end of a text string.
SEARCH	Finds the position of a text string within another text string (case-insensitive).
SUBSTITUTE	Replaces a text string with another text string.
TEXT	Converts a value to text.
TEXTJOIN	Joins two or more text strings with a delimiter.
TRIM	Removes leading and trailing spaces from text.
UNICHAR	Returns the character specified by a Unicode number.
UNICODE	Returns the Unicode number for a character.
UPPER	Converts text to uppercase.
VALUE	Converts text to a number.

Dynamic Array

Dynamic Arrays are arrays that can change in size. Excel now automatically calculates these arrays, taking the formula from a single cell and placing the result into multiple cells.

Function	How it works
ARRAYTOTEXT	Convert array to text with specified separator.
BYCOL	Transpose an array by column.
BYROW	Transpose an array by row.
CHOOSECOLS	Extract specific columns from a range of data.
CHOOSEROWS	Extract specific rows from a range of data.
DROP	Remove rows or columns from a range of data.
EXPAND	Fill a range of data with values based on adjacent cells.
FILTER	Filter rows or columns of data based on specified criteria.
HSTACK	Stack data horizontally.
ISOMITTED	Check if values are omitted from an array.
LAMBDA	Create a custom function.
LET	Assign variables and use in formula.
MAKEARRAY	Create an array of specified size and values.
MAP	Apply a function to each element in an array.
RANDARRAY	Create an array of random values.
REDUCE	Reduce an array to a single value based on a specified operation.
SCAN	Apply a function to each element in an array, accumulating the result.
SEQUENCE	Create an array of sequential numbers.
SORT	Sort an array in ascending or descending order.
SORTBY	Sort an array based on the values in another array.
STOCKHISTORY	Retrieve historical stock prices.
TAKE	Return a specified number of rows or columns from a range of data.
TEXTAFTER	Return text after a specified character or substring.
TEXTBEFORE	Return text before a specified character or substring.
TEXTSPLIT	Split text into separate cells based on a specified delimiter.
TOCOL	Convert a row to a column.
TOROW	Convert a column to a row.
UNIQUE	Remove duplicate values from an array.
VALUETOTEXT	Convert values to text.
VSTACK	Stack data vertically.
WRAPCOLS	Wrap text in a range of data by column.
WRAPROWS	Wrap text in a range of data by row.
XLOOKUP	Lookup a value in a table or range and return a corresponding result.
XMATCH	Search for a value in a range and return its position.

Engineering

The Excel Engineering functions help users to perform complex engineering calculations with ease. They include functions for calculating the area of a circle, the area of a triangle, and the volume of a rectangle, as well as functions for manipulating and analyzing engineering data.

Function	How it works
BIN2DEC	Converts a binary number to decimal.
BIN2HEX	Converts a binary number to hexadecimal.
BIN2OCT	Converts a binary number to octal.
BITAND	Returns a bitwise ‘AND’ of two numbers.
BITLSHIFT	Returns a bitwise left shift of a number.
BITOR	Returns a bitwise ‘OR’ of two numbers.
BITRSHIFT	Returns a bitwise right shift of a number.
BITXOR	Returns a bitwise ‘XOR’ of two numbers.
COMPLEX	Creates a complex number from real and imaginary coefficients.
CONVERT	Converts a number from one measurement system to another.
DEC2BIN	Converts a decimal number to binary.
DEC2HEX	Converts a decimal number to hexadecimal.
DEC2OCT	Converts a decimal number to octal.
DELTA	Tests whether two values are equal and returns either 1 or 0.
HEX2BIN	Converts a hexadecimal number to binary.
HEX2DEC	Converts a hexadecimal number to decimal.
HEX2OCT	Converts a hexadecimal number to octal.
IMABS	Returns the absolute value (magnitude) of a complex number.
IMAGINARY	Returns the imaginary coefficient of a complex number.
IMPOWER	Returns a complex number raised to a power.
IMPRODUCT	Returns the product of a series of complex numbers.
IMREAL	Returns the real coefficient of a complex number.
IMSUB	Returns the difference of two complex numbers.
IMSUM	Returns the sum of a series of complex numbers.

Financial

Excel Financial functions are used to calculate loan payments, interest rates, present and future values, depreciation, annuities, and more. They enable users to make informed decisions related to their finances.

Function	How it works
ACCRINT	Calculates the accrued interest between two coupon payments.
ACCRINTM	Calculates the accrued interest for a security that pays interest at maturity.
AMORDEGRC	Calculates the depreciation for an asset based on a variable declining balance method.
AMORLINC	Calculates the depreciation for an asset based on a fixed declining balance method.
COUPDAYBS	Calculates the number of days from the beginning of the coupon period to the settlement date.
COUPDAYS	Calculates the number of days in the coupon period that contains the settlement date.
COUPDAYSNC	Calculates the number of days from the settlement date to the next coupon date.
COUPNCD	Calculates the next coupon date after the settlement date.
COUPNUM	Calculates the number of coupon periods between the settlement date and maturity date.
COUPPCD	Calculates the previous coupon date before the settlement date.
CUMIPMT	Calculates the cumulative interest paid between two periods.
CUMPRINC	Calculates the cumulative principal paid on a loan between two periods.
DB	Calculates the depreciation of an asset for a specified period using the fixed declining balance method.
DDB	Calculates the depreciation of an asset for a specified period using the double declining balance method.
DISC	Calculates the discount rate of a security.
DOLLARDE	Converts a decimal number into a dollar price.
DOLLARFR	Converts a decimal number into a fractional dollar price.
DURATION	Calculates the duration of a security.
EFFECT	Calculates the effective annual interest rate.
FV	Calculates the future value of an investment.
FVSCHEDULE	Calculates the future value of an initial principal after applying a series of compound interest rates.
INTRATE	Calculates the interest rate for a fully invested security.
IPMT	Calculates the interest payment for a given period.
IRR	Calculates the internal rate of return for a series of cash flows.
ISPMT	Calculates the interest payment for a given period for an investment with periodic payments.
MDURATION	Calculates the modified duration of a security.
MIRR	Calculates the modified internal rate of return for a series of cash flows.
NOMINAL	Calculates the nominal annual interest rate.
NPER	Calculates the number of periods required to pay off a loan or investment.
NPV	Calculates the net present value of an investment based on a series of cash flows.
ODDFPRICE	Calculates the price of a security with an odd first period.
ODDFYIELD	Calculates the yield of a security with an odd first period.
ODDLPRICE	Calculates the price of a security with an odd last period.
ODDLYIELD	Calculates the yield of a security with an odd last period.
PDURATION	Calculates the number of periods required to reach a specified present value.
PMT	Calculates the payment amount for a loan or investment.
PPMT	Calculates the principal payment for a given period.
PRICE	Calculates the price of a security.
PRICEDISC	Calculates the price of a discounted security.
PRICEMAT	Calculates the price of a security that pays interest at maturity.
PV	Calculates the present value of an investment.
RATE	Calculates the interest rate for a loan or investment.
RECEIVED	Calculates the amount received at maturity for a fully invested security.
RRI	Calculates the interest rate for an investment with periodic payments.
SLN	Calculates the straight-line depreciation of an asset for a specified period.
SYD	Calculates the sum-of-years’ digits depreciation of an asset for a specified period.
TBILLEQ	Returns the bond-equivalent yield for a Treasury bill.
TBILLPRICE	Returns the price per $100 face value for a Treasury bill.
TBILLYIELD	Returns the yield for a Treasury bill.
VDB	Returns the depreciation of an asset for a specified period using the double-declining balance method or another specified method.
XIRR	Returns the internal rate of return for a schedule of cash flows that is not necessarily periodic.
XNPV	Returns the net present value of a schedule of cash flows that is not necessarily periodic.
YIELD	Returns the yield on a security that pays periodic interest, such as a bond.
YIELDDISC	Returns the annual yield for a discounted security.
YIELDMAT	Returns the annual yield of a security that pays interest at maturity.

Information

Excel Information functions provide information about the content and properties of cells, such as the data type, whether the cell contains an error, and the column or row heading.

Function	How it works
CELL	Returns information about a cell such as formatting or location.
ERROR.TYPE	Returns a number indicating the error type of a given error value.
INFO	Returns information about the current operating environment.
ISBLANK	Returns TRUE if a cell is empty or contains only whitespace.
ISERR	Returns TRUE if a value is any error value except for #N/A.
ISERROR	Returns TRUE if a value is any error value.
ISEVEN	Returns TRUE if a number is even.
ISFORMULA	Returns TRUE if a cell contains a formula.
ISLOGICAL	Returns TRUE if a value is a logical value (TRUE or FALSE).
ISNA	Returns TRUE if a value is #N/A.
ISNONTEXT	Returns TRUE if a value is not text.
ISNUMBER	Returns TRUE if a value is a number.
ISODD	Returns TRUE if a number is odd.
ISREF	Returns TRUE if a value is a reference.
ISTEXT	Returns TRUE if a value is text.
N	Returns a value converted to a number.
NA	Returns the #N/A error value.
SHEET	Returns the sheet number of a reference.
SHEETS	Returns the number of sheets in a reference.
T	Returns a text value with leading and trailing spaces removed.
TYPE	Returns a number indicating the data type of a value.

Math

Excel Math functions allow users to perform mathematical calculations, such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and more. They can also be used to calculate statistical values such as mean, median, mode, and standard deviation.

Function	How it works
ABS	Returns the absolute value of a number.
AGGREGATE	Returns a calculation based on a selected option and a range of values.
ARABIC	Converts a Roman numeral to an Arabic numeral.
BASE	Converts a number into a text representation with the given radix (base).
CEILING	Rounds a number up to the nearest multiple of a specified value.
CEILING.MATH	Rounds a number up to the nearest integer or multiple of significance.
CEILING.PRECISE	Rounds a number up to the nearest integer or multiple of significance.
COMBIN	Returns the number of combinations for a given number of objects.
COMBINA	Returns the number of combinations with repetitions for a given number of items.
DECIMAL	Converts a text representation of a binary, octal, or hexadecimal number to a decimal number.
EVEN	Rounds a number up to the nearest even integer.
EXP	Returns e raised to the power of a given number.
FACT	Returns the factorial of a given number.
FACTDOUBLE	Returns the double factorial of a given number.
FLOOR	Rounds a number down to the nearest multiple of a specified value.
FLOOR.MATH	Rounds a number down to the nearest integer or multiple of significance.
FLOOR.PRECISE	Rounds a number down to the nearest integer or multiple of significance.
GCD	Returns the greatest common divisor of two or more numbers.
INT	Rounds a number down to the nearest integer.
LCM	Returns the least common multiple of two or more numbers.
LN	Returns the natural logarithm of a given number.
LOG	Returns the logarithm of a number to a specified base.
LOG10	Returns the base-10 logarithm of a given number.
MDETERM	Returns the matrix determinant of an array.
MINVERSE	Returns the matrix inverse of an array.
MMULT	Returns the matrix multiplication of two arrays.
MOD	Returns the remainder after a number is divided by a divisor.
MROUND	Rounds a number to the nearest multiple of a specified value.
MUNIT	Returns the unit matrix of a specified size.
ODD	Rounds a number up to the nearest odd integer.
PI	Returns the value of pi.
POWER	Returns a number raised to a power.
PRODUCT	Returns the product of a range of values.
QUOTIENT	Returns the integer portion of a division operation.
RAND	Returns a random number between 0 and 1.
RANDBETWEEN	Returns a random integer between two specified values.
ROMAN	Converts an Arabic numeral to a Roman numeral.
ROUND	Rounds a number to a specified number of decimal places.
ROUNDDOWN	Rounds a number down to a specified number of decimal places.
ROUNDUP	Rounds a number up to a specified number of decimal places.
SIGN	Returns the sign of a number (1 if positive, -1 if negative, 0 if zero).
SQRT	Returns the square root of a given number.
SUBTOTAL	Returns a subtotal for a range using a specified function.
SUM	Returns the sum of a range of values.
SUMIF	Returns the sum of a range of values that meet a specified criterion.
SUMIFS	Returns the sum of a range of values that meet multiple specified criteria.
SUMPRODUCT	Returns the sum of the products of corresponding ranges of values.
SUMSQ	Returns the sum of the squares of a range of values.
SUMX2MY2	Returns the sum of the difference between squares of two corresponding ranges.
SUMX2PY2	Returns the sum of the sum of squares of corresponding values in two arrays.
SUMXMY2	Returns the sum of squares of differences of corresponding values in two arrays.
TRUNC	Truncates a number to a specified number of decimal places.

Trigonometry

Excel Trigonometry functions allow users to perform trigonometric calculations such as calculating sine, cosine, tangent, arcsine, arccosine, arctangent, and other related functions. They are useful for solving trigonometry problems in engineering, physics, and other mathematical fields.

Function	How it works
ACOS	Returns the arccosine of a number in radians.
ASIN	Returns the arcsine of a number in radians.
ATAN	Returns the arctangent of a number in radians.
ATAN2	Returns the arctangent from x and y coordinates.
COS	Returns the cosine of a number in radians.
COSH	Returns the hyperbolic cosine of a number.
COT	Returns the cotangent of an angle.
CSC	Returns the cosecant of an angle.
DEGREES	Converts radians to degrees.
RADIANS	Converts degrees to radians.
SEC	Returns the secant of an angle.
SIN	Returns the sine of a number in radians.
SINH	Returns the hyperbolic sine of a number.
TAN	Returns the tangent of a number in radians.

Statistical

Excel Statistical Functions are a set of tools used to analyze and summarize data. They can be used to calculate the mean, median, mode, standard deviation, variance, percentiles, and many other useful calculations.

Function	How it works
AVEDEV	Calculate variability
AVERAGE	Calculate the average of supplied numbers
AVERAGEA	Get the average of supplied numbers (evaluate the logical values also)
AVERAGEIF	Get the average of numbers in a range that meets the criteria
AVERAGEIFS	Get the average of numbers in a range that meets one or more criteria
BINOM.DIST	Return binomial distribution probability
BINOMDIST	Get binomial distribution probability
COUNT	Count numbers in a list or range
COUNTA	Count the number in a list or range (ignore blank cells)
COUNTBLANK	Count blank cells
COUNTIF	Count cells based on a criteria
COUNTIFS	Count cells based on one or more criteria
DEVSQ	Return sum of squared deviations
FORECAST	Predict value based on existing values along with a linear trend
FORECAST.ETS	Predict value based on existing values along with a seasonal trend
FORECAST.ETS.CONFINT	Predict value along with a linear trend (from Excel 2016 FORECAST function was replaced)
FORECAST.ETS.SEASONALITY	Get length of the seasonal pattern
FORECAST.ETS.STAT	Get statistical value related to forecasting
FORECAST.LINEAR	Predict value along a linear trend
FREQUENCY	Returns a frequency distribution
GEOMEAN	Get geometric mean for a set of numeric values
HARMEAN	Get harmonic mean for a set of numeric values
INTERCEPT	Returns the point at which a regression line will intersect the y-axis
LARGE	Get the nth largest value
LINEST	Get parameters of linear trend
MAX	Return the largest numeric value (ignores empty cells)
MAXA	Return the largest numeric value (ignores empty cells and evaluates logical values)
MAXIFS	Calculate the maximum value with one or more criteria
MEDIAN	Get the median of a group of numbers
MIN	Get the smallest value.
MINA	Return smallest value.
MINIFS	Get minimum value with criteria
MODE	Get most frequently occurring number
MODE.MULT	Get most frequently occurring numbers
MODE.SNGL	Get most frequently occurring number
NORM.DIST	Get values and areas for the normal distribution
NORM.INV	Get the inverse of normal cumulative distribution
NORM.S.DIST	Get the standard normal CDF and PDF.
NORM.S.INV	Get inverse of the standard normal cumulative distribution
PERCENTILE	Get kth percentile
PERCENTILE.EXC	Get kth percentile
PERCENTILE.INC	Get kth percentile
PERCENTRANK	Get percentile rank, inclusive
PERCENTRANK.EXC	Get percentile rank, exclusive
PERCENTRANK.INC	Get percentile rank, inclusive
PERMUT	Get number of permutations without repetitions
PERMUTATIONA	Get number of permutations with repetitions
QUARTILE	Get the quartile in a data set
QUARTILE.EXC	Get the quartile in a data set
QUARTILE.INC	Get the quartile in a data set
RANK	Rank a number against a range of numbers
RANK.AVG	Rank a number against a range of numbers
RANK.EQ	Rank a number against a range of numbers
SKEW	Get skewness of a distribution
SKEW.P	Get skewness of a distribution based on population
SLOPE	Get slope of linear regression line
SMALL	Get nth smallest value
STANDARDIZE	Calculate a normalized value (z-score)
STDEV	Get the standard deviation in a sample
STDEV.P	Get standard deviation of population
STDEV.S	Get the standard deviation in a sample
STDEVA	Get standard deviation in a sample
STDEVP	Get standard deviation of population
STDEVPA	Get standard deviation for a population
TRIMMEAN	Calculate mean excluding outliers
VAR	Get variation of a sample
VAR.P	Get variation of population
VAR.S	Get variation of a sample
VARA	Get variation of a sample
VARP	Get variation of a population
VARPA	Get variation of a population

Web

Excel Web Functions allow users to access data from other web services and websites within their Excel workbooks. These functions allow users to get data from websites and web services, transform and manipulate it, and then use it in their Excel models and analyses.

Function	How it works
ENCODEURL	encodes special characters in URLs
FILTERXML	extracts data from XML
WEBSERVICE	retrieves data from URL

Database

Excel Database functions allow users to analyze data stored in tables and ranges. They can perform calculations, search and filter data, and sort and summarize data. These functions also allow users to work with external data sources such as Access and SQL Server.

Function	How it works
DAVERAGE	Calculates average from database
DCOUNT	Counts cells with numbers from database.
DCOUNTA	Counts cells with values from database.
DGET	Returns a single value from database.
DMAX	Returns maximum value from database.
DMIN	Returns minimum value from database.
DPRODUCT	Multiplies values in a database.
DSTDEV	Estimates standard deviation from database.
DSTDEVP	Calculates standard deviation from database.
DSUM	Adds values in a database.
DVAR	Estimates variance from database.
DVARP	Calculates variance from database.

How to use Excel Functions?

To utilize a function in Excel, type an equal sign (=) in the formula bar or in the desired cell to enter the desired function. After that, enter the function name and the relevant arguments.

To learn more about excel check out our excel basics page where you can go from a beginner to an excel boss. Despite the name, this page is ideal if you are brand new to Excel or have been using it for years there is something to learn for everyone.